Le génome est un systčme opérationel qui controle le fonctionnement de nos
cellules,de notre cerveau et de tout notre organisme.La plus sűre des
richesses est d'enrichir son fils par quelque métier et pourtant:.
Piastowie-
pierwsza polska dynastia - osiągnęli 28 pokoleń w linii męskiej.
Ostatnia z Piastów – Karolina zmarła w Wigilię 1707 roku, w całkowicie
niemal zniemczonej gałęzi rodu. Pomimo wygaśnięcia dynastii oblicza się
że prawd. niemal wszyscy Polacy mogli by wywieść po kądzieli pochodzenie
od Mieszka I. W dynastii Piastów znanych nam jest min. 596 osób
(urodzonych jako Piast), tylko 6 (8?) nosiło koronę królewską.
Najczętszym imieniem w dynastii jest Bolesław (Bolko). W poniższym
drzewie jest 581 małżeństw i związków (choć niektóre występują
kilkukrotnie) - w sumie znanych jest ok. 330 małżeństw piastowskich,
oraz sporo związków nieformalnych. Standardowe drzewo genealogiczne
znanych nam potomków, w wersji graficznej (skróconej), miało by długość
ok 10 km.
Niniejszy projekt ma na celu zebranie wszystkich znanych genealogicznych
informacji - zarówno tych podstawowych o osobach z dynastii, jak też
przede wszystkim o wszystkich tzw "furtkach", czyli liniach
genealogicznych biegnących dalej, aż do czasów współczesnych, dając
możliwość każdemu sprwadzenie, czy w jego żyłach płynie jakaś kropla
piastowskiej krwi. Zdają się to potwierdzać wszelkie wyliczenia, a także
inne tego typu projekty w innych krajach. Problem zawsze jednak polega
na związaniu ze sobą, własnego drzewa potomków z liniami potomków
Piastów.
Choć wiele informacji może się tutaj wymagać błahych i ogólnie znanych,
to jednak każda cyfra i litera wymaga gruntownego sprawdzenia. Niekiedy
jedna litera to całe lata badań. A co dopiero całe nieznane linie
genealogiczne, śledzone w zakamarkach dziejów? Jest wiele do zrobienia,
wiele też do poprawy. Projekt - cały czas traktujemy roboczo, dlatego
jeśli widzisz błędy, jeśli masz inną wiedzę - zapraszamy do dyskusji,
zgłaszania poprawek.
Zobacz przykłady - działPotomkowie
królów- gdzie
prezentujemy linie pochodzenia wielu sławnych osób od Piastów.
Genealogia
Piastów to kolejny projekt "pro publico bono" który prowadzimy.
Optymistycznie liczymy, że korzystający pomogą nam finansowo utrzymać
serwery, i prowadzić badania. Czy 10,
20zł to tak dużo?Wspieraj
projekt!
Piastowie - la premičre
dynastie polonaise - a atteint 28 générations dans la ligne masculine. La
derničre descendante de la dynastie des Piast - Caroline est morte la veille
de Noël 1707 dans une branche complčtement germanisée de la famille. Malgré
l'expiration de la dynastie qui est calculée, en vérité. l'origine
maternelle de presque tous les Polonais pourraient ętre déduite de la
dynastie Mieszko I. Le Piast que nous connaissons est constitué d'au
minimum. 596 personnes (nés Piast), seulement 6 (8?) ont porté la couronne
royale. Le nom le plus courant de la dynastie est Boleslaw (Bolko). Dans cet
arbre généalogique on trouve 581 mariages et les relations (bien que
certaines apparaissent plusieurs fois) - au total, sont connus environ 330
mariages Piast, et beaucoup de relations informelles.. L'Arbre
standard connu de nous des descendants, dans la version graphique (abrégée),
était d'une longueur d'environ 10 km.
Ce projet vise ŕ rassembler toutes les informations généalogiques connues -
ŕ la fois des informations fondamentales sur les gens de la dynastie, ainsi
tous les soi-disant "guichets", ŕ savoir les lignes généalogiques courant
jusqu'ŕ nos jours, donnant la possibilité ŕ chacun de vérifier s'il a
dans ses veines une goutte de sang.des
Piast Il semble ętre en accord avec tous
les calculs, ainsi que ceux d'autres projets similaires dans d'autres pays.
Le problčme, cependant, est toujours lié aux propres lignées d'arbres
descendants des Piast.
Bien que beaucoup d'informations ici peuvent paraître ętre triviales
et sont généralement connues, tous les chiffres et les lettres nécessitent
un contrôle approfondi. Parfois, une seule lettre exige des années de
recherche. Et regardez l'ensemble des lignes généalogiques inconnus, tracées
dans les recoins de l'histoire? Il ya beaucoup ŕ faire, trop de choses ŕ
améliorer. Le projet est provisoirement tout le temps, donc si vous voyez
des erreurs si vous savez le contraire - bienvenue dans les modifications de
la table de discussion.
Voir exemples - descendants de département des rois - oů nous présentons les
lignes d'origine de beaucoup de gens célčbres du Piast.
Généalogie Piast est un autre projet "pro bono" qui conduisent. Optimiste
nous espérons que cela nous aidera financičrement bénéficiant maintenir des
serveurs, et effectuer des recherches. Est de 10, 20 PLN tellement? Soutenir
le projet!
les Piast ont souvent eu des
alliances avec les Wenceslaus de Bohčme et de Moravie, ou de Hongrie.
La famille
Wentzelickh est venue ŕ Kutna Hora (Kutna Hora)
ŕ cause des mines d'argent , oů ils seront bientôt devenus les maîtres de la
montagne et les administrateurs possčdant les petites mines. Quand l'
entrepreneur riche et cultivé de Kutna Hora Vaclav Wentzelickh
(Vencelík) de Vrchoviště a acheté en 1485 le château Zirovnice et les vastes possessions
ils y a emménagé ŕ y a fait venir toute sa famille. En 1492, il a reçu le titre de noblesse de
l'empereur Frédéric III. ŕ ses armes et pour sa famille, .
Il est mort ŕ Trest en 1515, mais a été enterré ŕ Zirovnice.En 1620 (aprčs
la bataille de la Montagne Blanche) en raison de l'impact de la guerre de 30
ans (expropriations, les exécutions, la Bohęme a été catholisée sous
contrainte. cette fois environ 150.000 personnes ont fui de Bohęme, environ
150 nobles ont été complčtement ou partiellement expropriés) toutes leurs
possessions ont été confisquées. Trest et Zirovnice existent encore. De
męme, il y avait une famille de barons (Wentzelickh (Vencelík) Barons de
Sarabic, sur lequel, cependant, est moins bien connue. Dans les armoiries
des deux lignées on trouve une licorne d'argent sur un fond bleu est
inclus, ce qui constitue également le blason de la ville de Trest. Indiquée
sur la plaque , sur un casque, une couronne (ressemble beaucoup ŕ la
couronne de Bohęme) est fixé. sexe de Wentzelickh est également liée au sexe
Smisek (avec qui elle portait aussi une cręte commune).
Le premier est le
blason de la Virchovist (maître d'armes de licorne fait d'argent), il ya
encore 4 autres armoiries, le deuxičme blason est celui de la Sarabic (a ca
1880 les peint de "Siebmachers Heraldikbuch".)
Dans les chroniques du Château Trest
est mentionné que les racines de la famille Wentzelickh remontent ŕ l'époque
des
derniers Premyzslides (Venceslas III +
1306). Dr William Wenzlick (dans les services K. u. K. (Kaiserliche
und Koenigliche, impérial et
royal))
ŕ Vienne, Berlin et Prague, 1887-1926) a trouvé des documents qui prouvent
l'origine de la famille Wentzelickh de la noble famille Premysl (Il parle
d'un document dans les Archives d'Etat de Prague, qui dit que en 1620 une
famille "de Premysl" a fui et est revenue en 1626 comme Wenzlick .Il
existe un certificat, aprčs lequel un Matthaus Wenzlickh, qui a fui avec son
frčre en 1620, et qui transcrit en 1626 un bien "Freutschenhof" ŕ
Pilzen-Schlowitz. ) Il y a uneŕ Siebmachers une armoiries ŕ 5 armes
différentes de la Wentzelickh de Virchowitz. Dans un blason il y a sur la
licorne encore une couronne ensemble pręt ŕ cinq branches avec des perles.
Lt. Description un symbole de la noblesse de Bohęme.
La lignée des
Premyzslids (Přemyslovci) est dérivée du légendaire "Premysl
le laboureur» (7čme sičcle) du mari de la princesse Libuse. Avec lui,
la famille de la Premyzslids a été établi que non seulement le souverain de
Bohęme présenté ŕ 1306. L'origine de ce sexe doit ętre bohčme-croate.
L'écart entre les sexes dans la branche Sobeslavschen (surtout éteint) et la
Vladislavschen Deux (Wladislaw / Ladislas = slave / wladeti = rčgne = slawa
renommée).
Dans la "Chronica
Boemorum" de Cosmas de Prague aussi Premyzslids pré-chrétiennes soient
délivrés Mezamysl, Mnata, Vojen, Vnislav, Kresomysl, Neklan et Hostivit.
De cette
génération, si des personnalités bien connues ont émergé, tels que:
Origine de
la famille Wenzlick
(Y compris
la recherche du Dr William Wenzlick 1893 - 1924)
Autour du
12čme sičcle, les premiers noms de famille ont été crées (en Allemagne, en
Italie dčs le 8čme sičcle). A cette époque, les noms de famille ont été
utilisés exclusivement par des personnes de statut social élevé, qui
estimaient devoir se distinguer par un nom supplémentaire (nom de famille)
de ceux qui avaient eu le męme nom chrétien. Les noms de famille sont,
entre autres, aussi dérivés du nom des pčres importants. En slave et en
nordique il y a une tradition, d'attacher un "lik" au nom du pčre pour
désigner le fils. En vieil haut-allemand et en scandinave, la finale peut
aussi bien identifier un homme qu'une activité caractéristique / SPECIAL. En
allemand, il c'était "liche". Donc Wenzlick signifie "fils de Wenzel".
L'orthographe tchčque "Vaclav" pour Wenzel signifie «glorieux vainqueur".
Au cours
des sičcles précedents la naissance du Christ, les tribus celtiques ont été
localisées (avec le nom Boďens) dans cette région. Le nom du pays (Bohęme)
est dérivé du nom des tribus.
En 60
avant JC, les Celtes ont abandonné le sud du pays, lorsque les tribus
germaniques (Marcomans, Quades, les Lombards, les Vandales)
(d'environ 300 avant Jésus-Christ) sont arrivées. Autour du 5čme sičcle
jusqu'au 7čme sičcle, des tribus slaves ont immigré en Bohęme et en Moravie
. Les tribus germaniques ne seront plus nommées par leur nom tribal, mais
considérées comme des hommes de Bojerheim ou Bajwaren (Bavarois), comme cela
figure dans les provinces romaines de Norique et la Rhétie.
Chromosome abnormality
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The three major single chromosome mutations; deletion (1),
duplication (2) and inversion (3).
The two major two chromosome mutations; insertion (1) and
Translocation (2).
Achromosome anomaly,abnormalityoraberrationis
a missing, extra, or irregular portion ofchromosomalDNA.[1]It
can be from an atypical number of chromosomes or a structural
abnormality in one or more chromosomes. Akaryotyperefers
to a full set of chromosomes from an individual which can be compared to
a "normal" karyotype for thespeciesviagenetic
testing. A chromosome anomaly may be detected or confirmed in this
manner. Chromosome anomalies usually occur when there is an error incell
divisionfollowingmeiosisormitosis.
There are many types of chromosome anomalies. They can be organized into
two basic groups, numerical and structural anomalies.
This is calledaneuploidy(an
abnormal number of chromosomes), and occurs when an individual is
missing either a chromosome from a pair (monosomy) or has more than two
chromosomes of a pair (trisomy,tetrasomy,
etc.).
In humans an example of a condition caused by a numerical anomaly isDown
Syndrome, also known as Trisomy 21 (an individual with Down Syndrome
has three copies of chromosome 21, rather than two). Trisomy has been
determined to be a function ofmaternal
age.
An example of monosomy isTurner
Syndrome, where the individual is born with only one sex chromosome,
an X.
When the chromosome's structure is altered, this can take several forms:
Deletions: A portion of the chromosome is missing or deleted.
Known disorders in humans includeWolf-Hirschhorn
syndrome, which is caused by partial deletion of the short arm of
chromosome 4; andJacobsen
syndrome, also called the terminal 11q deletion disorder.
Robertsonian translocation: An entire chromosome has attached to
another at the centromere - in humans these only occur with
chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22.
Inversions: A portion of the chromosome has broken off, turned
upside down and reattached, therefore the genetic material is
inverted.
Insertions: A portion of one chromosome has been deleted from its
normal place and inserted into another chromosome.
Rings: A portion of a chromosome has broken off and formed a
circle or ring. This can happen with or without loss of genetic
material.
Isochromosome: Formed by the mirror image copy of a chromosome
segment including the centromere.
Chromosome instability syndromesare
a group of disorders characterized by chromosomal instability and
breakage. They often lead to an increased tendency to develop certain
types of malignancies.
Most chromosome abnormalities occur as an accident in the egg or sperm,
and therefore the anomaly is present in every cell of the body. Some
anomalies, however, can happen after conception, resulting inMosaicism(where
some cells have the anomaly and some do not). Chromosome anomalies can
be inherited from a parent or be "de
novo". This is why chromosome studies are often performed on parents
when a child is found to have an anomaly. If the parents do not possess
the abnormality it was not initiallyinherited;
however it may be transmitted to subsequent generations.
Prince Joseph Wenzel of Liechtenstein(born
1995), oldest child of Prince Alois of Liechtenstein and his wife
Princess Sophie of Bavaria, Duchess in Bavaria
Joseph W. Wenzel(born
1940), American argumentation and rhetorical scholar
Czech: from a pet form of the personal nameVáclav,
Old CzechVęceslav(cognate
with PolishWięcesław,
Latinized asWenceslas).
It is composed of the Old Slavic elementsviece‘greater’
+slav‘glory’.
It was borne by a 10th-century duke of Bohemia who fought against a
revival of paganism in his territory,
and after his death became patron saint of Bohemia.
Wendelest
un prénom d'origine écossaise (saint Wendel ou Wendelin établi auvie sičcle
dans la région deTrčves,
mais aussi la ville allemande deSankt-Wendeldans
laSarre).
Wenzikest
une trčs ancienne souche de la haute noblesse polonaise qui s'est installée
en Moravie
Venzsik ,Wenzik,
Wenchik, Venzik, Wezyk
Wenzelikest
une ancienne souche de la royauté Bohémienne remontant aux Przemyslides.Elle
est reliée aussi bien aux Piast, aux Jagielons, qu'aux Habsbourgs.
A
popular symbol in heraldry theSerpenthas
always been a symbolicalDeity,
because it feeds upon its own body. It's been used since antiquity
as a symbol of healing because when old, it has the power of growing
young again, by shedding its skin. It was sacred to Aesculapius, and
was supposed to have the power of discovering healing herbs. The
ancient Greeks and Romans revered the symbol as a guardian spirit; a
noted symbol of wisdom, cunning and sagacity.
Zastaw - ograniczone prawo rzeczowe, ustanawiane w celu zabezpieczenia
wierzytelności. Najważniejszą cechą zastawu jest to, że może być
ustanowiony jedynie...
Anne of Austria (16 August 1573 – 10 February 1598) was queen consort of
Poland and Sweden. Contents. 1 Biography. 1.1 Issue. 2 Ancestors; 3
Gallery...
John III (Swedish: Johan III, Finnish: Juhana III) (20 December 1537 –
17 November 1592) was King of Sweden from 1568 until his death. He was
the son of...
En1279,
aprčs le décčs de son oncle, Przemysl hérite de toute la
Grande-Pologne. Enfévrier1281,
Henri IV le Juste invite les ducs Henri III de Głogów, Henri V le
Gros et Przemysl II ŕ le rencontrer. En réalité, il s’agit d’un
pičge. Dčs leur arrivée, les ducs sont arrętés et emprisonnés. Ils
ne sont relâchés qu’en échange d’unhommagedevassalité.
En outre, Przemysl II est forcé de donner au duc de Wrocław la
région deWieluń.
ŔKępno,
le15
février1282,
Przemysl conclut un accord avec Mestwin II, en vertu duquel la
Poméranie de Gdańsk doit lui revenir aprčs le décčs de Mestwin.
Le14
décembre1283,
ŕ Poznań, Lutgarde est assassinée sur ordre de son mari, ce qui
ternit la réputation du duc de Grande-Pologne. En1285,
il écrase une révolte d’une partie desnoblesde
son duché qui voulaient se rapprocher de la Silésie. La męme année,
il épouse Ryksa, la fille deValdemarIerde
Sučde, qui lui donne une fille,Élizabeth
Ryksa, qui deviendra l’épouse deVenceslas
II, ensuite deRodolphe
de Habsbourg. Le23
novembre1287,
ŕSłupsk,Przemysł
II et Mestwin II concluent une alliance avecBogusław
IVdePoméranie
occidentalecontre le
Brandebourg et mettent sur pied un plan pour reprendre la Poméranie
de Gdańsk au ducWisław
II de Rügen. Les relations de Przemysl II avec Henri IV le Juste
se réchauffent et ce dernier lui rend la région de Wieluń.
Jawor
Bolko II le Petit(enpolonaisBolko
II Mały), connu aussi sous le nom deBolko
II de Świdnica(Bolko
II Świdnicki), de ladynastiedesPiasts,
est né entre1309et1312,
et décédé le28
juillet1368.
La
ville fut fondée auxe sičcleet
connue sous son ancien nom polonaisWrocisław(qui
peut se traduire par « reviendra couvert de gloire ») noté en latinVratislavia.
La ville était administrée par ladynastie
Piastmais
n'était pas considérée aussi importante économiquement que Liegnitz
(Legnica)
ou Brieg (Brzeg)
qui étaient les centres administratifs de laSilésieavant
lexve sičcle.
Breslau suivit le sort de la région qui passa de laPologneŕ
la couronne deBohęme(dans
leSaint-Empire
romain germanique) en 1335, puis avec elle en 1526 ŕ l'Autriche.
Conquise par laPrussepar
letraité
de Teschen, confirmé par ceux deBreslau(1742)
et d'Aix-la-Chapelle(1748)
pendant laguerre
de Succession d'Autriche, la Silésie fut le théâtre de laguerre
de Sept Anset
resta au traité d'Hubertsbourg(1763)
ŕ la Prusse qui la recolonisa en approfondissant la germanisation,
déjŕ avancée, des campagnes alors que les villes l'avaient été
depuis leMoyen
Âge. Comme le reste de la Prusse, Breslau fit partie de
l'Empire
allemandformé
en 1871.
Gliwice
C'est en1276que
le nom de Gliwice est mentionné pour la premičre fois, appartenant ŕ
ladynastie
Piastdurant
leMoyen
Âge. Elle a été possédée ensuite par laBohęmeen1335,
puis par lesHabsbourgsen1526.
Il reste de ces différentes époque lechâteauconstruit
auxive sičcle
En
raison des vastes dépenses provoquées par la monarchie deHabsburgdurant
les guerres duxvie sičcle
contre l'empire
ottoman, Gliwice a été louée ŕFriedrich
Zettritzpour
la modique somme de 14 000talers.
Bien que le bail ait été d'une durée de 18 ans, il a été renouvelé
en1580de
10 années et en1589de
18 années.
Żywiecwas
first documented in the 14th century, following the construction of
the Old Castle in the mid-14th century. The castle has undergone
several restorations and boasts a number of styles of architecture
and decoration, includingGothic,RenaissanceandBaroque.
Żywiec's Old Castle is encompassed by a 260,000 square metre
landscape park, which was established initially in the 17th century.[1]
The Church of the Holy Cross was built towards the end of the 14th
century, and expanded twice, once in 1679 and again in 1690. In the
18th century, a Baroque church was later constructed on the site and
still stands today. A second noteworthy church, the Cathedral of the
Virgin Mary's Birth, was constructed and expanded during the first
half of the 15th century, before being renovated in Baroque fashion
after a fire in 1711.[1]
MALEC
Wieś od początku swego
istnienia wchodziła w skład księstwa oświęcimskiego. W 1278 r.
wymieniona jest jako „Ossech”. W 1317 r. książę oświęcimski
Władysław nadał przywilej na sołectwo w Osieku swojemu „słudze”.
Około połowy XV w. wieś wchodziła w skład królewszczyzny po
sprzedaży przez księcia Jana Scholastyka księstwa oświęcimskiego
królowi Polski Kazimierzowi Jagiellończykowi. Z końcem XV w. oddana
pod zastaw bogatemu mieszczaninowi krakowskiemu Jerzemu Orienthowi
za pożyczone przez króla sumy. Ten następnie odstąpił ją
podskarbiemu koronnemu Jakubowi Dębińskiemu.
Regiony historyczne położone w granicach województwa
Większość ziem wchodzących w skład obecnego województwa śląskiego
przez dłuższy lub krótszy czas wchodziła wskład
piastowskich księstw śląskich. Jeśli za granice regionów
historycznych przyjąć granice dzielnic wydzielonych w 1138 roku na
skutek rozbicia dzielnicowego, wówczas znaczną część obecnego
województwa śląskiego należy zaliczyć do Małopolski, w tym stolicę
województwa,Katowice.
Wraz z przekazaniem w 1179 roku przez Kazimierza II Sprawiedliwego
kasztelanii bytomskiej i oświęcimskiej (obejmującychBytom,Mikołów,Siewierz,PszczynęiŻywiec)
Mieszkowi I Plątonogiemu historyczna granica między Śląskiem a
Małopolską przesunęła się na wschód, sięgając poza obszar obecnego
województwa śląskiego. Również północna część obecnego województwa
śląskiego zCzęstochowąw
latach 1370-1391 należała do Władysława Opolczyka. W latach
1443-1494 niektóre księstwa śląskie (siewierskie, oświęcimskie i
zatorskie) ponownie znalazły się w granicach Polski. Położenie wielu
miejscowości uważa się za graniczne regionów, np.Bielsko-Biała,
które powstało z Bielska, leżącego w dawnym księstwie cieszyńskim, i
Białej, leżącej w dawnym księstwie oświęcimskim. Również obecne
obszary głównych miast Zagłębia Dąbrowskiego, często
przeciwstawianego historycznemu Górnemu Śląskowi, leżą częściowo (Sosnowiec,Będzin,Dąbrowa
Górnicza) lub w całości (Czeladź,Wojkowice)
na terytorium dawnego księstwa siewierskiego.
Czech: from a pet form
of the personal nameVáclav,
Old CzechVęceslav(cognate
with PolishWięcesław,
Latinized asWenceslas).
It is composed of the
Old Slavic elementsviece‘greater’
+slav‘glory’.
It was borne by a 10th-century duke ofBohemiawho
fought against a revival of paganism in his territory,
LesPolanes(enpolonaisPolanie,
littéralement «peuple de la plaine») étaient une tribuslavequi
s’était fixée sur les rives de laWartaauVIIIesičcle.
Ils vivaient principalement de l’agriculture et se disputaient les terres
avec destribus
germaniques.
Les Polanes sont mentionnés par leGéographe
bavaroisdans la premičre
moitié duixe sičcle.
Le nom vient de « pole », qui désigne un champ. Ce sont des
agriculteurs dans un pays largement déboisé oů les clairičres culturales
(polana) sont importantes. Le géographe distingue lesGoplanes,de
la région du lac Goplo prčs deKruszwica,
et lesLendizi,entreGnieznoetLąd,
sur laWarta.
Les fouilles archéologiques pratiquées ŕ Gniezno ont permis de dater la
premičre enceinte de la premičre moitié duixe sičcle,
par la découverte de monnaies arabes, premier signe d’un commerce
lointain. Les deux tribus semblent s’ętre battues pour la domination de la
région. Le géographe leur attribue ŕ l’une400et
ŕ l’autre98civitates,cescastradont
les remparts protégeaient essentiellement le château, résidence du chef et
de sa famille, tandis qu’une seconde enceinte servait de refuge aux
paysans en cas de danger et de lieu de marché.
Un auteur anonyme,Gallus
Anonymus(débutxiie sičcle),
écrivit de nombreuses légendes sur les événements du rčgne d’un certain
princePopiel.
Il raconte l’arrivée ŕ Gniezno de deux pčlerins qui multipličrent les
miracles ŕ l’époque oůCyrille
et Méthodearrivaient enMoravie.
Il s’agit peut-ętre d’une allusion ŕ l’aide que les Polanes reçurent desMoravesdans
leur lutte contre les Goplanes. En effet, le domaine des Polanes s’étend
auixe sičcle
vers le nord-est (Mazovie),
vers le Nord (Poméranie),
mais non vers le sud.
Ŕ la fin duIXesičcle,
la plus grande partie des tribus slaves vivant dans un territoire délimité
par l’Oder,
leBug,
lesCarpateset
lamer
Baltique, était sous la domination des Polanes.
LeGéographe
bavarois(v.845)
rapporte que les Goplanes (Glopeani)contrôlaient
400 forts dans la premičre moitié duixe sičcleet
que Kruszwica était leur capitale. L’existence des Goplanes est trčs
controversée car aucune autre source ne confirme leur existence..
Selon laChronique
de Grande-Pologne(fin duxiiie sičcle-xive sičcle),
Kruszwica était la capitale desPolaneset
non des Goplanes. Dans saDescriptio
civitatum et regionum ad septentrionalem plagam Danubii, le Géographe
bavarois ne mentionne pas les Polanes. Certains historiens émettent
l’hypothčse que les Polanes etGnieznose
trouvaient sous l’autorité des Goplanes sur lesquels régnait un certainPopiel.
Celui-ci aurait été renversé par les Polanes qui auraient obtenu leur
indépendance avecPiast,
ou son filsSiemovit,
comme chef. D’autres historiens réfutent cette hypothčse en se basant sur
lachroniquedeGallus
Anonymusqui évoque Gniezno
comme capitale de Popiel.
En Cujavie, on ne trouve aucune trace des Goplanes dans latoponymie.
Les données archéologiques confirment la présence d’une puissante tribu
slave dans la région de Gopło mais les fouilles ŕ Kruszwica n’ont jamais
permis de trouver des indices sur la présence d’un fort auviie sičcleou
auixe sičcle.
Par contre, ŕMietlica,
une localité pas trčs éloignée de Kruszwica, les archéologues ont pu
mettre au jour les restes d’un ancien fort qui jouait le rôle de capitale
d’une tribu.
Une hypothčse récente avance que le nomGlopeanine
faisait pas référence ŕ la tribu des Goplanes mais ŕ celle des Glapians
qui auraient vécu dans la région de la hauteWarta.
n Przemysła Nosaka,
zmarł 1406 r. Przemysł Nosak, książę cieszyński, syn Kazimierza I...Przemysł,
książę toszecki, syn Kazimierza oświęcimskiego, zmarł 1484 r. Racibor, kanonik
wrocławski (1237 r.....
Powygaśnięciu
tej linii Piastówmiasto
odziedziczyliksiążęta
oświęcimscy.
W 1475 r. książę Henryk nadałGliwicomprawo
magdeburskie i przywileje prowadzenia handlu chmielem, co razem z piwo- warstwem
stało się głównym źródłem rozkwitu......
1454
księstwooświęcimskiestało
się lennem polskim, po czym w r. 1456 wykupiła je Polska z rąk księcia Janaoświęcimskiego.
Podobnie w r. 1456książęzatorski
Wacław stał się lennikiem Polski, aw r.1494
Polska wykupiła to księstwo...
książę
oświęcimski,
szwagier Jagiełły. Jan II (1375 — 1424), książę raciborski. Jan czanadzki,
biskup Zagrzebia w 1384 r. Jan Kropidło (1360 — 1421), bratanek
Władysława Opolczyka, biskup kujawski.Jan
Wajdut (1364/1365—1402),...
1395książę
oświęcimskiJan
nazywa kapelanami wszystkich plebanów swojego księstwa 80. Niewątpliwie w tym
samym znaczeniu użyto określenia „kapelan" w dokumentach książąt wielkopolskich
w stosunku do opatów Heklina i Andrzeja z...
drugiej stronie odpoczywa także ciało w cnoty wielkie przybrane, Eufrozyny,
familiiksiążąt
oświęcimskich.
Za pulpitem w małym chórze jest grób marmurowy, kosztownie wystawiony od ś. p.
jm. księdzaWężyka,...
za
ostatnichksiążąt
Oświęcimskich;
od których to księstwo przeszło wraz zŻywcem
1457 do Polski. Turzec przeszedł wtedy do Piotra Komorowskiego,
Orawskiego i Liptowskiego grabi, za straty w sprawie Rzeczypospolitej w Węgrzech...
Druga ziemiaZatorska,
ta używaOrła
białego, w błękitnym polu, a na piersiach jego litera Z. TrzeciaOświęcimska,
takiegoż nosi orła, tylko że czerwonego, a na piersiach jego litera O. Obiedwie
te ziemię kiedyś udzielne swojeksiążęta...
..ponieważ
częśćksiążątz
nimi się pogodziła i porozumiała, a część z nich dzierży miasta dla nich
[husytów],...książętaz
Raciborza,książęPrzemko
z Opawy iksiążęKazko
zOświęcimia,
i ten zCieszyna
(Teschen)zawarli z nimi pokój,...
Drugi
obóz uformował się spośród mas drobnego rycerstwa, mieszczan mniejszych miast i
niektórychksiążąt,
głównie ze Śląska Opolskiego (Bolko IV i V Opolscy,książętacieszyńsko-oświęcimscy).
Reprezentowali oni łączność Śląska z...
ą Coat of arms of the Duchy of Teschen and the regional branch of
thePiast
dynasty
TheDuchy of Cieszyn(Polish:Księstwo
Cieszyńskie) orDuchy
of Teschen(German:Herzogtum
Teschen) orDuchy of
Těšín(Czech:Těšínské
knížectví,Latin:Ducatus
Tessinensis) was an autonomousSilesian
duchycentered onTeschen(Cieszyn)
inUpper
Silesia. After thefeudal
division of Polandit was split
off in 1281 and ruled bySilesiandukes
from thePiast
dynastysince 1290.[1]The
Duchy of Teschen was also composed of smaller Duchies at various points of
time, such asOświęcimwhich
was split off around 1315, orZatorwhich
in turn split from the Duchy of Oświęcim in 1454.
Mieszko himself in 1202 occupied the neighbouringDuchy
of Opole, forming the united Duchy of Upper Silesia. After the death of
Mieszko's grandson DukeWładysław
Opolskiin 1281, Upper Silesia
was again divided among his sons, and the eldestMieszkobecame
the first Duke of Cieszyn in 1290.
After Mieszko's death in 1315, his eldest sonWładysławtook
the Cieszyn lands east of theBiałariver
and established theDuchy
of Oświęcim. The younger sonCasimir
Iretained the western part and
in 1327 sworehomageto
the King of Bohemia,John
of Luxembourg. After that Cieszyn became an autonomicfiefdomof
theBohemian
crown.[2]Local
Piast rulers often possessed other lands outside the Duchy of Teschen itself,
in some periods of time, for example theDuchy
of Siewierz, half ofGłogówand
some parts ofBytom.
Cieszyn: Piast castle tower
After the death of DukeBoleslaus
Iin 1431, the rule over the
duchy was shared by his wife Eufemia and their four sons.[3]In
1442 the duchy was divided between sons who were all formally Dukes of Teschen
but the real control over the duchy passed toBoleslaus
IIandPrzemyslaus
IIwho after the death of
Boleslaus II in 1452 ruled alone. During the reign of DukeWenceslaus
III Adamfrom 1528 on the duchy
shifted toProtestantismaccording
to thecuius
regio, eius religiorule.
His son and successorAdam
Wenceslausshifted back toRoman
Catholicism. In 1572 theDuchy
of Bielskowas split from the
Duchy of Cieszyn.
The Cieszyn Piast's rule continued to 1653, ending with the death of the last
scion DuchessElizabeth
Lucretia, after which the duchy lapsed directly to the Kings of Bohemia,[4]at
that timeFerdinand
IV of Habsburg.
Although most of Silesia had passed to theKingdom
of Prussiain 1742 after theFirst
Silesian War, Teschen remained under Austrian control as part ofAustrian
Silesia. Albert and Maria Christina's marriage remained childless, and
upon the death of the widowed Albert in 1822 the duchy passed to their adopted
son,Archduke
Charles of Austria, who became Duke of Teschen and started the Teschen
branch of theHabsburg-LorraineDynasty.
The title passed down his line, first to his eldest son,Albert
Frederick, and then, in 1895, to Albert Frederick's nephew,Archduke
Frederick Maria.
With Austrian Silesia, the territory of Teschen became part of theAustrian
Empirein 1804 and aCisleithaniancrown
land ofAustria–Hungaryin
1867. At the end ofWorld
War Ithe duchy was
disestablished with the dissolution of Austria-Hungary.
Local Polish and Czech self-governments were established on the territory of
Cieszyn, which on 5 November 1918 signed an interim agreement according to
which the territory - including the town of Cieszyn itself - was divided along
theOlzariver.
The convention however failed to settle the border conflict between the newly
established state ofCzechoslovakiaand
theSecond
Polish Republicclaiming
further areas of the former Cieszyn duchy with a predominantlyPolishspeaking
population. The ongoing conflict escalated when Czechoslovak troops crossed
the Olza river on 23 January 1919 starting thePolish–Czechoslovak
War.
Clashes of arms endured until 31 January, from which none of the belligerents
could derive much of a benefit, as at the 1920Spa
Conferencethe division of the
former duchy along the Olza was confirmed. The eastern part of Cieszyn Silesia
was incorporated into the PolishAutonomous
Silesian Voivodeship, while the western part (includingZaolzieregion)
became part ofCzechoslovakia.
This was confirmed on 5 August 1920 by theConference
of Ambassadors.[5]
According to theAustriancensus
taken in 1910, the duchy had about 350,000 inhabitants, among them (54.8%)
Polish-speaking, (27.1%) Czech-speaking and (18.1%) German-speaking.[6]
Title page of the Constitution of the Duchy of Teschen, issued by
Wenceslaus III Adam, Duke of Teschen, in the year 1573. The constitution
was issued in the Czech Language.
^Decree of the
Conference of Ambassadors with regard to Teschen, Spisz and Orava, dated
Paris, August 5, 1920,League
of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 2, pp. 50-58
Nowak, Krzysztof
(2008). "Polskość i ruch narodowy". In Krzysztof Nowak.Pierwsza
Niepodległość. Cieszyn: Urząd Miejski Cieszyn. pp. 7–17.ISBN978-83-89835-40-6.
Žáček, Rudolf
(2004).Dějiny Slezska v
datech. Praha: Libri.ISBN80-7277-172-8.
Title page of the
Constitution of the Duchy of Teschen, issued by Wenceslaus III Adam, Duke of
Teschen, in the year 1573. The constitution was issued in the Czech Language.
It is situated in the heart of the historical region ofCieszyn
Silesia. Until the end ofWorld
War Iin 1918 it was a seat
of theDuchy
of Teschen. In 1920 Cieszyn Silesia was divided between the two newly
created states ofPolandandCzechoslovakia,
with the smaller western suburbs of Teschen becoming part of
Czechoslovakia as a new town calledČeský
Těšín. The larger part of the town joined Poland as Cieszyn.[1]
The town combines both Polish andAustrianpeculiarities
in the style of its buildings. Because of several major fires and
subsequent reconstructions (the last one in the late 18th century), the
picturesque old town is sometimes calledLittle
Vienna. The only relic of the ancient castle is a square tower, dating
from the 12th century and 10th centuryromanesquechapel.
The area has been populated bySlavicpeoples
since at least the 7th century. According to the legend, in 810 three sons
of a prince – Bolko, Leszko and Cieszko, met here after a long pilgrimage,
found a spring, and decided to found a new settlement. They called it
Cieszyn, from the words "cieszym się", "I'm happy". This well can
be found at the ulica Trzech Braci ("Three Brothers Street"), just west of
the town square.[2][3]
The town was the capital of theDuchy
of Teschenand shared its
history throughout the ages. It was in Teschen whereMaria
TheresaandFrederick
IIsigned on 13 May 1779,
theTeschen
Peace Treaty, which put an end to theWar
of the Bavarian Succession. Teschen was known for its national,
religious and cultural diversity, consisting mostly of German, Polish,
Jewish and Czech communities.[4]There
was also a small but livelyHungariancommunity
in the town consisting mostly of officers and clerks.[5]
According to theAustriancensus
of 1910 the town had 22,489 inhabitants. 13,254 (61.5%) were
German-speaking, 6,832 (31.7%) were Polish-speaking and 1,437 (6.7%) were
Czech-speaking.Jewswere
not allowed to declareYiddish,
most of them thus declared German as their native language. The most
populous religious groups wereRoman
Catholicswith 15,138
(67.3%), followed byProtestantswith
5,174 (23%) and theJewswith
2,112 (9.4%).[6]
The town was divided in July 1920, by theSpa
Conference, a body formed by theVersailles
Treaty, leaving a sizeablePolish
communityon the
Czechoslovak side. Its smaller westerns suburbs became what is now the
town ofČeský
Těšínin theCzech
Republic. Both towns were joined together again in October 1938 when
Poland annexed theZaolziearea
together with Český Těšín. In 1939 whole Cieszyn Silesia was annexed by
German forces and during theWorld
War IIwas a part ofNazi
Germany. After the war, the border between Poland and Czechoslovakia
was restored to the one from 1920.
After Poland and the Czech Republic joined theEuropean
Unionand its passport-freeSchengen
zone, border controls were abolished and residents of both the Polish
and Czech part can move freely across the border.
On 19 July 1970, five Polish firefighters from Cieszyn died, when a bridge
they were on fell into the Olza River, due to heavy flooding.
Since the 19th centuryCieszyn
Silesiahas been an
important centre of PolishProtestantism.
Currently Cieszyn is also the site of the Cieszyn Summer Film Festival,
one of the most influentialfilm
festivalsin Poland. There
is also an earlier established Czech-Polish-Slovak film festival.
Cieszyn is an important centre of the electromechanical industry. It is
also the site of theOlza
Cieszynsweets factory
(where the famousPrince
Polowafersare
made) and theBrackie
Browar, whereŻywiec
Porteris brewed. The main
source of income for many citizens is trade with the nearbyCzech
Republicand retail trade
associated with transit across the two bridges over theOlzato
Český Těšín.
^Edmund
Jan Osmańczyk, Anthony Mango.Encyclopedia
of the United Nations and international agreements - Volume 1 A-F(2003
ed.).Taylor
& Francis. p. 382.ISBN0415939216.
Wawreczka,
Henryk; Janusz Spyra and Mariusz Makowski (1999).Těšín,
Český Těšín na starých pohlednicích a fotografiích / Cieszyn, Czeski
Cieszyn na starych widokówkach i fotografiach. Nebory, Třinec: Wart.ISBN80-238-4804-6.
After the death of his father in 1326, Bolko II succeeded him in all
his domains, but together with his younger brotherHenry
IIas co-ruler. Because
both princes were still in theirteenageyears,
they were at first aided by their two paternal uncles, DukesBolko
II of ZiębiceandHenry
I of Jawor, as well as their mother Kunigunde, who in 1328
remarried toRudolf
I, Duke ofSaxe-Wittenberg.
Through this union, Bolko II gained a half-brother, Mieszko of
Saxe-Wittenberg (b. ca. 1330 - d. 1350). Kunigunde died in 1331, when
Bolko II was able to rule by himself.
[edit]Attempts
to secure the Independence of his Duchy
One of the first problems that Bolko II had to face during the first
years of his personal reign was the preservation of theindependenceof
his small Duchy. It became a separate identity during thefragmentation
of Poland, not under the control of the Polish Kingdom, nor by its
other neighbors. In particular KingJohn
of Bohemia, hoped to gain control of the smallSilesianduchies.
The first serious attempt of King John to forced the Duke of Świdnica
to accepted his overlordship was made already in 1329. He succeeded in
gaining control of much of Silesia as almost all the Piast rulers paid
him homage. However, two of the Silesian rulers strongly refused to
became his vassals: Bolko II and his brother-in-law (husband of his
sisterConstance),
DukePrzemko
II of Głogów.
Bolko II needed more troops in order to preserve his position, so he
decided to visit the court of the KingCharles
Robert of Hungary, where he strongly defended the independence of
his sovereignty. Shortly after, he also established contacts with his
grandfather, the Polish King Władysław I the Elbow-high, and in August
of 1329 he went toItalyto
the camp ofLouis
IV of Bavaria, recently crownedHoly
Roman Emperor.
[edit]Expedition
of King John of Bohemia to Silesia in 1331
Bolko II's efforts proved unsuccessful in deterring King John, who
allied with theTeutonic
Order(which was
supposed to distract the Poles) and invaded Silesia in 1331. Details
of Bolko II's actions during that time are unknown, but King John's
progress through Silesia was not easy: thesiegeoverNiemczaand
the disputedGłogówtook
longer than he expected, and his forces were delayed in reachingKalisz,
where was made a peace meeting. In the end, all King John could
incorporated toBohemiawas
the Duchy of Głogów.
[edit]Bolko
II of Ziębice's homage to the Kingdom of Bohemia
In 1336, Bolko II's obtain a political goal when his uncleBolko
II of Ziębiceput
himself under King John's rule. This submission was in return for a
lifelong reign over theKłodzkoregion,
and was influenced by the declaration of the new Polish king,Casimir
III the Great, who renounced some of his claims over Silesia.
[edit]Alliance
with Poland, Hungary and the House of Wittelsbach
Bolko II nonetheless continued his attempts of pursuing an alliance
with Poland and Hungary againstBohemia.
In order to enhance his international position, on 1 June 1338 Bolko
II married withAgnes(b.
1322 - d. 2 February 1392), daughter ofLeopold
I, a member of theHabsburgs,
who were among the chief rivals of the Luxembourgs and had recently
won overAustriaandStyria.
He gained some significant results, among them a trade agreement
allowing merchants from his lands access to theHalychregion.
Eventually, on 1 January 1345, his mediation resulted in the official
alliance between the Wittelsbachs, Poland and Hungary.
[edit]War
of King Casimir III of Poland against Bohemia (1345-1348)
Soon afterwards, King Casimir III the Great of Poland used this new
alliance in his favor. The Polish King imprisoned King John's eldest
son and heirCharles,MargraveofMoravia(future
Holy Roman Emperor). King John in turn responded by invading Bolko
II's lands, and the Polish and Hungarian Kings declared the war. This
allowed Bolko II to repulse the now divided Bohemian forces during the
siege ofŚwidnica.
However, the Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV quickly signed a temporary
truce with the Bohemian King. The war continue with varying fortunes,
without any major successes of both parties. On the Świdnica side,
Bolko II lost the fortress inKamienna
Górain 1345, but
recaptured it in 1348, using subterfuge and disguising his troops as
merchants.[1]The
war ended in a draw. King John didn't live to see the end of it; he
died in 1346, in a different war, at theBattle
of Crécy. The Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV died one year later. On
22 November 1348, the peace was signed inNamysłów,
although Bolko II, for unknown reasons, didn't take part in those
negotiations, and was represented by King Casimir III the Great. The
final normalization of the relations between Bolko II and the new Holy
Roman Emperor and German King Charles IV (also King of Bohemia after
he succeeded his father) only occurred as a result of the mediation of
DukeAlbert
II of Austriaon 16
August 1350.
[edit]Settlement
with Charles IV of Luxembourg (1353)
After the sign of the treaty of 1350, Bolko II began the process of
approaching to theHouse
of Luxembourg, but without sacrificing his good relations with the
Kings Casimir III of Poland andLouis
I of Hungary.
By 1346, after the death of his last surviving uncle, DukeHenry
I of Jawor, Bolko II inherited his domains, the Duchies ofJaworandLwówek.
Soon before, Bolko II's younger brother and co-rulerHenry
IIdied, leaving only
one daughter,Anna.
Bolko II, as the closest male relative, obtain Anna's legal
guardianship and began to considered his niece as the heiress of all
his lands.
In 13 December 1350 was performed the betrothal between the
eleven-years-old Anna and the eleven-months-old Wenceslaus, eldest son
and heir of Emperor Charles IV. Under the terms of the engagement
contract, the couple would inherit Bolko II's lands in the (likely)
case of his heirless death (however, was stipulated that they only
could take formal possession of the Duchies after the death of Bolko
II's wife Agnes of Austria, who, under her husband's will received his
domains as herOprawa
wdowia). However, fifteen days later, on 28 December, the young
Wenceslaus died and the settlement was broken. Nevertheless, the
Emperor decided not to abandon his intentions to take control in a
peaceful way over Bolko II's heritage. The death of his second wifeAnna
of Bavaria-mother of
the late Wenceslaus- on 2 February 1353 gave him a new opportunity to
obtain the Duchies; almost immediately, he asked to Bolko II the hand
of his niece in marriage and the former agreement was renewed. The
wedding took place inBuda,Hungary(were
Anna live with her mother after the death of her father) on 27 May
1353. Besides Bolko II, the wedding was attended by: Duke Albert II of
Austria, King Louis I of Hungary, MargraveLouis
VI of Brandenburg, Duke Rudolf I of Saxe-Wittenberg (Bolko II's
stepfather) and envoys of KingCasimir
III of Polandand theRepublic
of Venice.
On 28 July Anna was crowned Queen of Bohemia inPragueby
ArchbishopErnst
of Pardubitz. On 9 February 1354, inAachen,
she was crowned German Queen. As part of the coronation of Charles IV
asHoly
Roman Emperoron 5
April 1355, in the RomanBasilica
of Saint Peter, Anne was crowned Empress of the Holy Roman Empire.
She was thereby the first Queen of Bohemia to become Empress.
[edit]Cooperation
with Emperor Charles IV. Expasion of Bolko II's domains
The politic of close cooperation with Charles IV of Luxemburg brought
to the Duke of Świdnica a considerable benefits, especially in the
expansion of his frontiers. Due to the prosperity of his domains,
Bolko II could bought much land from less prosperous Dukes of Silesia.
In 1358 he bought thegold
mineinZłoty
Stok, and half ofBrzegandOławafrom
DukeWenceslaus
I of Legnica; soon after, he also buy half toŚcinawato
DukeJan.
In 1359 the Emperor allowed him to buy territories near the Bohemian
border, includingFrydlant,
and shortly after Bolko II also buy the town ofSiewierzto
the Dukes of Cieszyn by the amount of 2,300 fines. In 1360 Bolko II
boughtKąty
Wrocławskieand in the same year, his positive relations with the
Emperor were demonstrated when, after almost thirty years, where
finally accepted the rights of Przemko II's widow Constance over the
half ofGłogówwho
remained under Bohemian control (the other half was given to the Dukes
of Żagań in 1349). One year later, in 1361, Constance (who was a nun
since the death of her husband) renounced to her domains on behalf of
his brother Bolko II. The Emperor, increasingly sure he would soon
gain the property back, was now willing to pass it to his putative
father-in-law.
Bolko II's biggest asset, however, proved to be the acquisition,
together with the Emperor on 14 April 1364 for the enormous sum of
21,000 fine silver the large town and lands nearŁużyce,
which became one of the most important and prestigious of his
possessions.
Bolko died on 28 July 1368 and was buried in theGrüssau
Abbey. He was the last of the independent Silesian dukes from thePiast
dynasty,[3]the
line started byWładysław
II the Exile. His lands were held by his wife until 1392; after
her death they were incorporated into the lands ofBohemiabyWenceslaus,
King of the Romans, only son of Emperor Charles IV and Anna of
Świdnica.[4]
Król Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki zmarł w pałacu arcybiskupim weLwowie10
listopada1673–
jak wykazała sekcja zwłok na skutek pęknięcia wrzodu w przewodzie pokarmowym, co
było spowodowane stresem. Nowym królem obrany został19
maja1674Jan
III Sobieski. Po nabożeństwie serce króla pochowano wklasztorze
kamedułów na BielanachwWarszawie.
Wnętrzności pochowano wKatedrze
Łacińskiej we Lwowie, ciało zaś20
listopadaodwieziono do Warszawy.
Doczesne szczątki króla Michała pochowano tego samego dnia wraz z prochami Jana
II Kazimierza Wazy w podziemiachkatedry
wawelskiej, w dzień koronacji następcy, Jana III Sobieskiego31
stycznia1676[5].
WedługLegendy Kristianaksiążę
Wacław miał pod wpływem rodziny ożenić się i spłodzić syna, któremu nadał imię
Zbrasłav. Był on jednak najprawdopodobniej dzieckiem nieślubnym. Imię dziecka
mogło nawiązywać dostarosłowiańskiegosłowaSъbor(ъ)slab,
związanego z liturgią słowiańską. Dalsze losy Zbrasłava opierają się wyłącznie
na domysłach historyków. Jedna z hipotez[1]identyfikuje
go z księciemStodoranzwanym
Vętjeslavitjъ. Imię to jest tłumaczone jakoVaclavic,
czyli syn Wacława. Prawdopodobnie po zabójstwie ojca Zbraslav znalazł
tam azyl polityczny. Domysł ten uprawdopodabnia fakt, że Zbrasłav był wnukiem
stodorańskiej księżniczkiDrahomiry.
Inna teoria[2]głosi,
jakoby Zbrasłav był tożsamy z księciemlibickimSławnikiem,
protoplastą roduSławnikowiców.
które stanowi nowszą postać imienia złożonego Więcesław, Więcław. Zmiana
nastąpiła w okresie średniowiecza pod wpływem języka czeskiego.
qui est une nouvelle forme du nom du complexeWięcesław,
Wieclaw.Wacław_de_Płock
e changement est survenu pendant le Moyen Âge sous l'influence
LeWaclaw
1erpolonais est le męme que
leVenceslas
1ertchčque, descendant du
fondateur de laDynastie
des Piasten Bohčme et frčre
de Boleslas 1er...
Many of the
actual holders of the name rooted like Wenzel ,Wendel in all the forms depending
of local languages may credit the idea of being a descendent of the line Piast
and the
more if they are descendant of a line living in Poland or the ground where were
living the Vandals , the Wends or the Goths. They should analyse their DNA
Karol IV miał
także nieślubnego syna Wilhelma (Guillaume), którego matka była Francuzką.
Chłopiec urodził się ok.1365.
Ojciec zabezpieczył jego przyszłość poprzez korzystne małżeństwo.
2 min 58 s - 18 aoűt
2009 wanclik. August 18,
2009. (more info). (less info). Want to Subscribe?...More
From:wanclik.
Loading... Play All Stop Autoplaying | Play Next Play... www.youtube.com/watch?v=uqcrEbH3vWE-Autres
vidéos-
Kingdom of Poland of the Piasts
Early Piast dynasty
9th c.
Siemowit (disputable)
9th c.-10th c.
Lestko (disputable)
10th c.
Siemomysł (disputable)
ca 960-992
Mieszko I (duke)
992-1025
Bolesław I the Brave (king in 1025)
1025-1031
Mieszko II Lambert (1st reign, as king)
1031-1032
Bezprym
1032-1034
Mieszko II Lambert (2nd reign, as duke)
1039-1058
Casimir I the Restorer
1058-1079
Bolesław II the Generous (king 1076-1079; deposed)
1079-1102
Władisław I Herman
1102-1107
Zbigniew of Poland
1102-1138
Bolesław III the Wrymouth
1138-1146
Władisław II the Exile (overlord; exiled by his brothers)
1146-1173
Bolesław IV the Curly (overlord)
1173-1177
Mieszko III the Old (overlord)
1177-1194
Casimir II the Just (duke of Kraków)
1194-1202
Leszek I the White (1st reign, duke of Kraków)
1202-1206
Władisław III Spindleshanks (1st reign)
1206-1210
Leszek I the White (2nd reign, duke of Kraków)
1210-1211
Mieszko IV Tanglefoot
1211-1227
Leszek I the White (3rd reign, assassinated)
1227-1229
Władisław III Spindleshanks (2nd reign)
1229-1232
Konrad I of Masovia (1st reign)
1232-1238
Henry I the Bearded (duke of Kraków)
1238-1241
Henry II the Pious (duke of Kraków; killed in the Battle of
Legnica)
1241-1243
Konrad I of Masovia (2nd reign, duke of Kraków)
1243-1279
Bolesław V the Chaste (duke of Kraków)
1279-1288
Leszek II the Black
1288-1290
Henry IV Probus (duke of Kraków)
1290-1296
Przemysł II (duke of Kraków 1290-1291, king 1295-1296)
Premyslid Dynasty
1291-1305
Wenceslaus II (king 1300-1305)
1305-1306
Wenceslaus III (king; assassinated before crowning)
Piast Unification
1306-1333
Władisław I the Elbow-high (duke of Kraków 1305-1320; king
1320-1333; all of his successors were kings)
1333-1370
Casimir III the Great
Kingdom of Poland of the Jagiellons
Angevin dynasty
1370-1382
Louis of Hungary
1384-1399
Jadwiga of Poland (crowned King of Poland; reigned together with
her husband Wladislaus from 1386)
Jagiellon dynasty
1386-1434
Władisław II Jagiełło (reigned together with his wife Jadwiga
until 1399)
1434-1444
Władisław III of Varna (killed in the Battle of Varna)
1447-1492
Casimir IV the Jagiellonian
1492-1501
John I Olbracht
1501-1506
Alexander the Jagiellonian
1506-1548
Sigismund I the Old
1548-1572
Sigismund II Augustus
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Valois dynasty
1573-1574
Henry Valois (abandoned the throne)
House of Bathory
1575-1586
Stephen Bathory
Vasa dynasty
1587-1632
Sigismund III Vasa
1632-1648
Władisław IV Vasa
1648-1668
John II Casimir (abdicated)
House of Wiśniowiecki
1669-1673
Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki
House of Sobieski
1674-1696
John III Sobieski
Wettin dynasty
1697-1706
Augustus II the Strong (1st reign, renounced
the throne in the Treaty of Altranstadt)
House of Leszczyński
1704-1709
Stanisław I Leszczyński (1st reign, emigrated
after the Swedish defeat in the Battle of Poltava)
Wettin dynasty
1709-1733
Augustus II the Strong (1st reign)
House of Leszczyński
1733-1736
Stanisławs I Leszczyński (2nd reign, abdicated)
Wettin dynasty
1734-1763
Augustus III
House of Poniatowski
1764-1795
Stanisław II Augustus Poniatowski (abdicated after the Third
Partition of Poland)
Partitions
Duchy of Warsaw
Wettin dynasty
1807-1815
Frederick Augustus I of Saxony (the Duchy was abolished at the
Congress of Vienna)
Congress Kingdom
Romanov dynasty
1815-1825
Alexander I of Russia
1825-1831
Nicholas I of Russia (deposed)
Grand Duchy of Poznan
Hohenzollern dynasty
1815-1840
Frederick William III of Prussia (represented by Duke-Governor
Antoni Radziwiłł until 1831)
1840-1849
Frederick William IV of Prussia (the autonomy of the Grand Duchy
was abolished in 1849)